# Vocabulary 05: Make It, Mend It, Wear It

Unit 5, Apparel and Textile Production and Design. The unit's 66 Tier 3 words across the five topics, with a one-line definition written for a grade 6 to 7 reader and columns for Turkish, Portuguese, and Spanish.

**Translation status: [check with a native speaker].** The Turkish, Portuguese, and Spanish columns are my best working translations and have not been checked by a native speaker. Use them for word banks and picture cards; have a native speaker, a bilingual colleague, or the ENL teacher check the whole table once before it is printed for students. Tool and stitch names are the worst case. Sewing words drift by country and by trade: what one country calls a stitch, another calls something else, and a few of these have no single everyday word in every language. **The English term stays on every card,** because a student will see the English word on a real care label, a real pattern envelope, a real tool, and a real store tag.

Two words do double duty and the table says which meaning is meant. "Pattern" here is the paper shape you cut fabric from, not a repeating print (the repeating print is the art word, and it belongs to Unit 4). "Shank" here is the small stack of thread under a button that gives it room to fasten, not the part of a tool.

How lessons use this file: each lesson names its own Tier 3 words, and the handout for that lesson carries a word bank pulled from this table in the three languages. The site's Materials page prints the table as picture-ready cards. **The card is allowed as a word bank on the Unit 5 Test**, because the test is checking whether a student can choose a stitch and run a comparison, not whether they can spell "whipstitch."

## The table [check with a native speaker]

| # | Topic | English term | Student definition | Turkish | Portuguese | Spanish |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.3 | fiber | The thinnest thread-like part that fabric is made from. Every fabric starts as fiber. | lif | fibra | fibra |
| 2 | 5.3 | natural fiber | A fiber that comes from a plant or an animal. | doğal lif | fibra natural | fibra natural |
| 3 | 5.3 | manufactured fiber | A fiber made in a factory, usually from chemicals. | yapay lif (sentetik lif) | fibra sintética (fibra manufaturada) | fibra sintética (fibra manufacturada) |
| 4 | 5.3 | cotton | A natural fiber from a plant. Soft, soaks up water, and takes a while to dry. | pamuk | algodão | algodón |
| 5 | 5.3 | wool | A natural fiber from a sheep. Warm even when damp, and it shrinks in hot water. | yün | lã | lana |
| 6 | 5.3 | silk | A natural fiber from a silkworm. Smooth, light, strong, and usually washed by hand. | ipek | seda | seda |
| 7 | 5.3 | linen | A natural fiber from the flax plant. Cool to wear and it wrinkles easily. | keten | linho | lino |
| 8 | 5.3 | polyester | A manufactured fiber. Dries fast, holds its shape, and melts instead of burning. | polyester | poliéster | poliéster |
| 9 | 5.3 | nylon | A manufactured fiber. Strong and slippery, used in jackets, tights, and bags. | naylon | náilon | nailon |
| 10 | 5.3 | spandex | A manufactured fiber that stretches and snaps back. High heat ruins it. | likra (elastan) | elastano (lycra) | elastano (licra) |
| 11 | 5.3 | rayon | A manufactured fiber made from wood. Feels soft like cotton but is weaker when wet. | rayon (viskon) | viscose (raiom) | viscosa (rayón) |
| 12 | 5.3 | fabric | The cloth itself, made by weaving or knitting fiber together. | kumaş | tecido | tela |
| 13 | 5.3 | weave (woven) | Fabric made by crossing threads over and under each other. It does not stretch much and the cut edge frays. | dokuma | tecido plano (trama) | tejido plano (trama) |
| 14 | 5.3 | knit | Fabric made from loops of thread. It stretches, and the cut edge curls. | örme | malha | tejido de punto |
| 15 | 5.3 | swatch | A small square of fabric used for testing. | kumaş örneği | amostra de tecido | muestra de tela |
| 16 | 5.3 | wicking | When fabric pulls sweat away from your skin so it can dry. | teri emip dışarı atma (nem transferi) | absorver e secar rápido (transporte de umidade) | absorber y secar rápido (transporte de humedad) |
| 17 | 5.4 | care label | The tag sewn into a garment that says how to wash and dry it. The law says it has to be there. | bakım etiketi | etiqueta de cuidados | etiqueta de cuidado |
| 18 | 5.4 | care symbol | The small picture on a care label. Dots mean temperature, bars mean be gentler, an X means do not do it. | bakım sembolü | símbolo de cuidados | símbolo de cuidado |
| 19 | 5.4 | colorfast | A fabric whose color stays put and does not run onto other clothes. | rengi akmayan (boya haslığı olan) | que não desbota (cor firme) | que no destiñe (color firme) |
| 20 | 5.4 | stain | A mark on fabric from something spilled on it. | leke | mancha | mancha |
| 21 | 5.4 | pretreat | To work on a stain before the garment goes in the wash. | ön işlem yapmak (yıkamadan önce lekeye müdahale) | pré-tratar (tratar antes de lavar) | pretratar (tratar antes de lavar) |
| 22 | 5.4 | launder | To wash, dry, and fold clothes. | çamaşır yıkamak | lavar roupa | lavar la ropa |
| 23 | 5.5 | hand needle | The small steel tool with an eye that carries thread through fabric. A smaller number means a bigger needle. | el dikiş iğnesi | agulha de mão | aguja de mano |
| 24 | 5.5 | pin | A straight steel pin with a head, used to hold two pieces of fabric together before you stitch. | toplu iğne | alfinete | alfiler |
| 25 | 5.5 | pin cushion | The small cushion where every needle and pin lives when it is not in a hand. | iğne yastığı | alfineteira | alfiletero |
| 26 | 5.5 | thimble | A hard cap for the finger that pushes the needle through thick fabric. | yüksük | dedal | dedal |
| 27 | 5.5 | needle threader | A small tool that pulls thread through the eye of a needle for you. | iğneye iplik geçirici (iplik geçirme aparatı) | passa-fio (enfiador de agulha) | enhebrador de aguja |
| 28 | 5.5 | fabric shears | Large scissors for cutting fabric. Fabric only, never paper, ever. | kumaş makası | tesoura de tecido | tijeras de tela |
| 29 | 5.5 | snips | Small scissors for cutting thread close to the fabric. | iplik makası | tesourinha de linha | tijeras para hilo |
| 30 | 5.5 | seam ripper | A small hooked tool that opens a line of stitching that went wrong. | dikiş sökücü | desmanchador de costura | descosedor (abrecosturas) |
| 31 | 5.5 | measuring tape | The soft tape, usually 60 inches long, for measuring fabric and a body. | mezura (şerit metre) | fita métrica (trena de costura) | cinta métrica |
| 32 | 5.5 | tailor's chalk | Chalk that marks the cut line and the seam line on fabric and brushes off later. | terzi tebeşiri | giz de alfaiate | jaboncillo de sastre (tiza de sastre) |
| 33 | 5.6 | thread | The long strand you sew with. Cut it about the distance from your hand to your elbow. | iplik | linha | hilo |
| 34 | 5.6 | knot | The bump you tie at the end of the thread so the stitching cannot pull out. | düğüm | nó | nudo |
| 35 | 5.6 | stitch | One pass of the needle in and out of the fabric. | dikiş (ilmek) | ponto | puntada |
| 36 | 5.6 | running stitch | In, out, in, out, along a line. Fast, and not strong. Good for basting and for a drawstring channel. | teyel dikişi | ponto corrido | puntada corrida |
| 37 | 5.7 | backstitch | A stitch that goes back into the last hole, so the top looks like a solid line. The strong one. Use it on any seam that holds weight. | geri dikiş | ponto atrás | pespunte (puntada atrás) |
| 38 | 5.7 | whipstitch | A slanted stitch that goes over two edges and joins them, or finishes a raw edge. | sarma dikiş (kenar sarma) | ponto de chuleio | puntada de sobrehilado |
| 39 | 5.11 | blanket stitch | A stitch along an edge that makes an L shape. It joins and decorates at the same time. | battaniye dikişi (kenar süsleme dikişi) | ponto caseado (ponto de cobertor) | punto de festón (punto de manta) |
| 40 | 5.7 | seam | The line where two pieces of fabric are stitched together. | dikiş yeri (birleşim dikişi) | costura | costura |
| 41 | 5.7, 5.10 | seam allowance | The space between the cut edge and the stitching line. Usually about half an inch. Forget it and the seam tears out. | dikiş payı | margem de costura | margen de costura |
| 42 | 5.9 | hem | The folded and stitched bottom edge of pants, a skirt, or a sleeve. | kıvırma (baskı) | bainha | dobladillo |
| 43 | 5.9 | patch | A piece of fabric stitched over a hole to cover and hold it. | yama | remendo | parche |
| 44 | 5.9 | mend | To fix a garment that is torn, open, or missing something. | onarmak (tamir etmek) | consertar (remendar) | remendar (arreglar) |
| 45 | 5.9 | visible mending | Fixing something on purpose so the repair shows, usually in bright thread. | görünür onarım | conserto aparente (remendo visível) | remiendo visible |
| 46 | 5.8 | button | The small round fastener that goes through a buttonhole. | düğme | botão | botón |
| 47 | 5.8 | shank | The little stack of thread under a button that leaves room for the fabric. No shank, no fastening. | düğme ayağı (iplik ayağı) | pé do botão (folga de linha) | cuello del botón (holgura de hilo) |
| 48 | 5.10 | pattern | The paper shape you trace and cut the fabric from. | kalıp | molde | patrón (molde) |
| 49 | 5.16 | mock-up | A quick test version, usually in paper, of the hardest part, built before you cut the real fabric. | deneme modeli (prototip) | modelo de teste (protótipo de papel) | maqueta (modelo de prueba) |
| 50 | 5.15 | upcycle | To turn something used into something new that is worth as much or more. Not the same as shredding it. | yeniden değerlendirme (üst dönüşüm) | reaproveitar criando algo melhor (upcycling) | suprarreciclar (darle un uso nuevo y mejor) |
| 51 | 5.12 | secondhand | Already owned by somebody else. Sold as it is, with no returns, so you inspect it yourself. | ikinci el | de segunda mão | de segunda mano |
| 52 | 5.13 | cost per wear | The price divided by the number of times you actually wear it. The real cost of a garment. | kullanım başına maliyet | custo por uso | costo por uso |
| 53 | 5.14 | fast fashion | Clothing made fast, in huge amounts, cheap and thin, and built to last a few washes. | hızlı moda | moda rápida (fast fashion) | moda rápida |
| 54 | 5.14 | textile waste | Clothing and fabric that gets thrown out instead of worn, reused, or recycled. | tekstil atığı | resíduo têxtil | residuo textil |
| 55 | 5.19 | alteration | A change made to a garment so it fits better, like taking it in or shortening it. | tadilat (kıyafet tadilatı) | ajuste (reforma de roupa) | arreglo (ajuste de ropa) |
| 56 | 5.19 | tailor | A person who makes and alters clothing to fit one specific body, for a living. | terzi | alfaiate | sastre |
| 57 | 5.10 | sewing machine | The machine that sews the same stitch your hands do, faster. It does not know your finger is there. | dikiş makinesi | máquina de costura | máquina de coser |
| 58 | 5.10 | presser foot | The metal foot that holds the fabric down so the feed dogs can move it. | baskı ayağı | calcador | prensatelas |
| 59 | 5.10 | feed dogs | The metal teeth under the foot that pull the fabric through. You guide, you never push. | dişli (transport dişlisi) | dentes impelentes | dientes de arrastre |
| 60 | 5.10 | bobbin | The small spool of bottom thread under the needle plate. Every machine stitch is two threads locking together. | mekik (alt masura) | bobina (carretilha) | bobina (canilla) |
| 61 | 5.10 | take-up lever | The slotted arm at the top that the top thread rides. It pulls the slack up on every stitch. | iplik verici kol | alavanca da linha | palanca del hilo |
| 62 | 5.10 | hand wheel | The big wheel on the side that moves the needle one stitch at a time. Always turned toward you. | el çarkı | volante | volante |
| 63 | 5.10 | foot pedal | The machine's gas. It controls speed, which is why the other foot stays flat on the floor. | pedal | pedal | pedal |
| 64 | 5.10 | tension | How tight the machine holds the top thread. Wrong tension makes loops on one side of the seam. | iplik tansiyonu (gerginlik) | tensão da linha | tensión del hilo |
| 65 | 5.10 | pivot | Turning the fabric at a corner with the needle down and the foot up. | iğne saplıyken dönüş (pivot) | girar com a agulha abaixada (pivô) | girar con la aguja abajo (pivote) |
| 66 | 5.11 | reverse (backstitch lever) | The lever that sews backward to lock the ends of a machine seam. | geri dikiş kolu | retrocesso (alavanca de remate) | retroceso (palanca de remate) |

## Sentence starters

Print these on the back of the station count sheet, the feedback slip, and the 45-second planner. **[check with a native speaker]** [Sal: swap in the Turkish and Portuguese starters you already use at Brentwood if they read better than these.]

### Asking for help at a sewing station (Lessons 5.5 to 5.11, 5.16 to 5.18)

Use these after the three steps of the stuck protocol: read your plan again, look at the stitch card, then ask your station partner.

| English | Turkish | Portuguese | Spanish |
|---|---|---|---|
| Can you show me this stitch again, slowly? | Bu dikişi bana tekrar, yavaşça gösterir misin? | Você pode me mostrar este ponto outra vez, devagar? | ¿Me puedes mostrar esta puntada otra vez, despacio? |
| I need a threader, please. | Bana bir iplik geçirici lazım, lütfen. | Eu preciso de um passa-fio, por favor. | Necesito un enhebrador, por favor. |
| My thread keeps pulling out. Here is where it happens. | İpliğim sürekli çıkıyor. Tam burada oluyor. | Minha linha sai sempre. É aqui que acontece. | Mi hilo se sale siempre. Aquí es donde pasa. |
| I am on step ___ of my plan. | Planımın ___ numaralı adımındayım. | Estou no passo ___ do meu plano. | Estoy en el paso ___ de mi plan. |
| Is this the right stitch for here? | Buraya bu dikiş doğru mu? | Este é o ponto certo para aqui? | ¿Es esta la puntada correcta para aquí? |
| How far from the edge should I stitch? | Kenardan ne kadar uzakta dikmeliyim? | A que distância da borda eu devo costurar? | ¿A qué distancia del borde debo coser? |
| I dropped a pin. I have it. | Bir toplu iğne düşürdüm. Aldım. | Deixei cair um alfinete. Já peguei. | Se me cayó un alfiler. Ya lo tengo. |
| Can you hold this corner while I stitch? | Ben dikerken bu köşeyi tutar mısın? | Você pode segurar este canto enquanto eu costuro? | ¿Puedes sostener esta esquina mientras coso? |
| I put the Need Help card up and I am working on ___ while I wait. | Yardım kartını kaldırdım, beklerken ___ üzerinde çalışıyorum. | Levantei o cartão de ajuda e estou fazendo ___ enquanto espero. | Levanté la tarjeta de ayuda y estoy haciendo ___ mientras espero. |

### The count-out and count-in routine (every day tools are out)

The Station Manager says these out loud. Everybody else answers.

| English | Turkish | Portuguese | Spanish |
|---|---|---|---|
| Counting out: ten needles, thirty pins. | Sayıyorum: on iğne, otuz toplu iğne. | Contando na saída: dez agulhas, trinta alfinetes. | Contando al inicio: diez agujas, treinta alfileres. |
| I am writing the number on the count sheet. | Sayıyı sayım kağıdına yazıyorum. | Estou escrevendo o número na folha de contagem. | Estoy escribiendo el número en la hoja de conteo. |
| Every needle and pin is in a hand or in the cushion. | Her iğne ve toplu iğne ya bir elde ya da yastıkta. | Cada agulha e alfinete está na mão ou na almofada. | Cada aguja y alfiler está en una mano o en el alfiletero. |
| Five minutes. Everything goes back in the cushion. | Beş dakika kaldı. Her şey yastığa geri dönüyor. | Cinco minutos. Tudo volta para a almofada. | Cinco minutos. Todo vuelve al alfiletero. |
| Counting in: ten needles, thirty pins. | Sayıyorum: on iğne, otuz toplu iğne. | Contando na entrada: dez agulhas, trinta alfinetes. | Contando al final: diez agujas, treinta alfileres. |
| The numbers match. Ready for your initials. | Sayılar tutuyor. İmzanız için hazır. | Os números conferem. Pronto para sua assinatura. | Los números coinciden. Listo para su firma. |
| The numbers do not match. We are one short. | Sayılar tutmuyor. Bir eksik. | Os números não conferem. Está faltando um. | Los números no coinciden. Falta uno. |
| Nobody leaves this station until we find it. | Onu bulana kadar bu masadan kimse ayrılmıyor. | Ninguém sai desta estação até acharmos. | Nadie sale de esta estación hasta que lo encontremos. |
| Shears closed, blades down, handle first. | Makas kapalı, ağzı aşağı, sap önce. | Tesoura fechada, lâminas para baixo, cabo primeiro. | Tijeras cerradas, hojas abajo, mango primero. |
| Our station is clean. The floor is clear. | İstasyonumuz temiz. Yer temiz. | Nossa estação está limpa. O chão está limpo. | Nuestra estación está limpia. El piso está despejado. |

### Giving feedback on a classmate's item (Lessons 5.10 and 5.18, two stars and a step)

Name a specific feature. "It is nice" is not feedback.

| English | Turkish | Portuguese | Spanish |
|---|---|---|---|
| Two things that work: ___ and ___. | İşe yarayan iki şey: ___ ve ___. | Duas coisas que funcionam: ___ e ___. | Dos cosas que funcionan: ___ y ___. |
| Your stitches are even right here. | Dikişlerin tam burada eşit. | Seus pontos estão bem iguais aqui. | Tus puntadas están muy parejas aquí. |
| The closure works. I tried it. | Kapanma çalışıyor. Denedim. | O fechamento funciona. Eu testei. | El cierre funciona. Lo probé. |
| I would not have guessed it was a ___ before. | Bunun önceden bir ___ olduğunu tahmin edemezdim. | Eu não teria adivinhado que isso era um ___ antes. | No habría adivinado que antes era un ___. |
| One thing to try: ___. | Denenecek bir şey: ___. | Uma coisa para tentar: ___. | Una cosa para intentar: ___. |
| The edge here could use a whipstitch. | Buradaki kenara sarma dikiş iyi gidebilir. | Esta borda aqui poderia levar um ponto de chuleio. | A este borde le vendría bien una puntada de sobrehilado. |
| What was the hardest part for you? | Senin için en zor kısım neydi? | Qual foi a parte mais difícil para você? | ¿Cuál fue la parte más difícil para ti? |
| How did you fix that? | Onu nasıl düzelttin? | Como você consertou isso? | ¿Cómo arreglaste eso? |
| I want to try this idea on my next one. | Bu fikri bir sonrakinde denemek istiyorum. | Quero tentar essa ideia no meu próximo. | Quiero probar esta idea en el mío próximo. |

### The 45-second explanation at the gallery (Lesson 5.18)

Four parts, in this order, pointing at the item while you talk. Stop when the timer goes.

| English | Turkish | Portuguese | Spanish |
|---|---|---|---|
| This was a ___. | Bu bir ___ idi. | Isto era uma ___. | Esto era un ___. |
| It came from ___ (the scrap bin, the drive, my house). | ___ geldi (artık kutusu, bağış kutusu, evim). | Veio de ___ (a caixa de retalhos, a doação, minha casa). | Vino de ___ (la caja de retazos, la donación, mi casa). |
| Now it is a ___ for ___. | Şimdi ___ için bir ___. | Agora é uma ___ para ___. | Ahora es un ___ para ___. |
| They will use it to ___. | Bunu ___ için kullanacak. | Vai usar para ___. | Lo va a usar para ___. |
| I used the running stitch here. | Burada teyel dikişi kullandım. | Usei o ponto corrido aqui. | Usé la puntada corrida aquí. |
| I used the backstitch here because it is strong. | Burada geri dikiş kullandım çünkü sağlamdır. | Usei o ponto atrás aqui porque é forte. | Usé el pespunte aquí porque es fuerte. |
| I used the whipstitch on this edge. | Bu kenarda sarma dikiş kullandım. | Usei o ponto de chuleio nesta borda. | Usé la puntada de sobrehilado en este borde. |
| The hard part was ___. | En zor kısım ___ oldu. | A parte difícil foi ___. | La parte difícil fue ___. |
| I fixed it by ___. | ___ yaparak düzelttim. | Consertei ___. | Lo arreglé ___. |
| I also added ___ so that ___. | Ayrıca ___ ekledim, böylece ___. | Também acrescentei ___ para que ___. | También le agregué ___ para que ___. |
| To wash it, ___. | Yıkamak için ___. | Para lavar, ___. | Para lavarlo, ___. |
| Do you have a question about it? | Bununla ilgili bir sorunuz var mı? | Você tem alguma pergunta sobre isso? | ¿Tienen alguna pregunta sobre esto? |